The Apostolic Fathers treated Scripture as the primary authority for refuting heresies and transmitting apostolic doctrine. Irenaeus drew systematically on biblical proofs to combat Gnostic errors, insisting on the unity of Old and New Testaments against those who severed them. Clement of Alexandria saw the two Testaments as reconciling forces that "subdue the untutored through the charm of the Scriptures." Papias of Hierapolis represented the oral-to-written transition, compiling elder testimonies into an Exposition of the Oracles of the Lord — treating the Lord's sayings as authoritative oracles before the canon was formally fixed.
"By His advent He Himself fulfilled all things, and does still fulfil in the Church the new covenant foretold by the law" — Irenaeus reads the Old Testament as prophetic testimony to Christ's coming, uniting both Testaments as a single witness to righteousness by faith and countering Gnostic attempts to sever the covenants.
"The writings of Papias in common circulation are five in number, and these are called an Exposition of the Oracles of the Lord" — Papias represents the Apostolic Fathers' effort to compile and systematically interpret the Lord's sayings as authoritative oracles, bridging oral apostolic tradition and written Scripture before the canon was formally defined.
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