Basil of Caesarea held a stringent personal ethic of non-violence: the Christian "ought not to do violence; to fight; to avenge himself; to return evil for evil" — framing these prohibitions as marks of Gospel superiority over Old Testament law. Writing amid the barbarian invasions of the fourth century, Basil recognized that Christians under duress sometimes compromised — swearing heathen oaths, denying faith under torture — and he prescribed graduated penance for these wartime lapses, deferring to patristic precedent. His approach is merciful toward the coerced while maintaining that such acts require restoration. Later traditions, particularly Augustine and the Reformation, developed explicit permissions for defensive war under authority — a direction Basil's own letters do not take.
"The Christian ought in all things to become superior to the righteousness existing under the law... He ought not to speak evil; to do violence; to fight; to avenge himself; to return evil for evil; to be angry." Basil frames non-violence as the defining mark of Christian ethics above Mosaic law — a standard that leaves little room for martial killing as compatible with Gospel conduct. (NPNF2-08)
"The intentional homicide... will be excommunicated from the sacrament for twenty years." For unintentional killing, Basil halves the penalty to ten years, progressing through stages of weeping, hearing, kneeling, and standing before restoration. The distinction shows Basil treating intent as morally determinative — but both forms of killing require extended exclusion from the sacraments. (NPNF2-08)
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